In 2000 or one year before the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (EPIRA, RA 9136), the primary energy consumption (PEC, for transportation, cooking, electricity, etc.) of these four ASEAN countries in exajoules (EJ) were as follows: Indonesia 4.19, Malaysia 2.20, Philippines 1.11, Vietnam 0.77. One EJ is equivalent to 277.78 terawatt-hours of electricity.
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